616 marks

Organic compounds containing oxygen

This chapter covers alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

24 Topics

60h prep

5.3% subject weight

24 Topics

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaFor alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids.

Alcohols -Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaLucas test, oxidation.

Alcohols -mechanism of dehydration

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaE1 mechanism.

Phenols - Acidic nature

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaComparison with alcohols, effect of substituents.

Phenols - electrophilic substitution reactions

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaActivation of benzene ring.

Phenols - halogenation

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of trihalophenols.

Phenols - nitration

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of picric acid.

Phenols - sulphonation

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of phenol sulphonic acids.

Reimer - Tiemann reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of salicylaldehyde from phenol.

Ethers- Structure

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaR-O-R', bond angle.

Nature of carbonyl group

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPolarity, resonance.

Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaMechanism of nucleophilic addition.

Relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes more reactive.

Nucleophilic addition reactions(addition of HCN. NH3) and its derivatives

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaCyanohydrin, imine formation.

Grignard reagent

2m3/10

📌 Key FormulaRMgX, reactions with carbonyls.

Aldehyde and ketones - oxidation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes oxidize to acids, ketones resist mild oxidation.

Aldehyde and ketones - reduction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaTo alcohols (NaBH₄, LiAlH₄), to hydrocarbons (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner).

Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaReduction of C=O to CH₂.

The acidity of α-hydrogen

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaDue to resonance stabilization of enolate.

Aldol condensation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaReaction with base, product β-hydroxy aldehyde/ketone.

Cannizzaro reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes without α-H give alcohol and acid.

Haloform reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaMethyl ketones give haloform.

Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaTollens', Fehling's, Schiff's test.

Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaEffect of substituents on acidity.

616 marks

Organic compounds containing oxygen

This chapter covers alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

24 Topics

60h prep

5.3% subject weight

24 Topics

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaFor alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids.

Alcohols -Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaLucas test, oxidation.

Alcohols -mechanism of dehydration

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaE1 mechanism.

Phenols - Acidic nature

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaComparison with alcohols, effect of substituents.

Phenols - electrophilic substitution reactions

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaActivation of benzene ring.

Phenols - halogenation

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of trihalophenols.

Phenols - nitration

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of picric acid.

Phenols - sulphonation

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of phenol sulphonic acids.

Reimer - Tiemann reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaFormation of salicylaldehyde from phenol.

Ethers- Structure

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaR-O-R', bond angle.

Nature of carbonyl group

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPolarity, resonance.

Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaMechanism of nucleophilic addition.

Relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes more reactive.

Nucleophilic addition reactions(addition of HCN. NH3) and its derivatives

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaCyanohydrin, imine formation.

Grignard reagent

2m3/10

📌 Key FormulaRMgX, reactions with carbonyls.

Aldehyde and ketones - oxidation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes oxidize to acids, ketones resist mild oxidation.

Aldehyde and ketones - reduction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaTo alcohols (NaBH₄, LiAlH₄), to hydrocarbons (Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner).

Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaReduction of C=O to CH₂.

The acidity of α-hydrogen

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaDue to resonance stabilization of enolate.

Aldol condensation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaReaction with base, product β-hydroxy aldehyde/ketone.

Cannizzaro reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaAldehydes without α-H give alcohol and acid.

Haloform reaction

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaMethyl ketones give haloform.

Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaTollens', Fehling's, Schiff's test.

Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaEffect of substituents on acidity.